Those Who Belong: Identity, Family, Blood, and Citizenship Among the White Earth Anishinaabeg - Doerfler, Jill

Clean, tight, unmarked; absolute minimal wear; appears unread; This book explores how White earth Anishinaabeg understood identity and blood quantum in the early 20th century, how it was employed and manipulated by the U.S. government, how it came to be the sole requirement for tribal citizenship in 1961, and how a contemporary effort for constitutional reform sought a return to citizenship rooted in Anishinaabe kinship, replacing blood quantum criteria with lineal descent. This book illustrates the ways in which the Anishinaabeg of White Earth negotiated multifaceted identities, both before and after the introduction of blood quantum as a marker of identity and as the sole requirement for tribal citizenship. Doerfler's research reveals tha Anishinaabeg leaders resisted blood quantum as a tribal citizenship requirement for decades before acquiescing to federal pressure. Constitutional reform efforts in the 21st century brought new life to this longstanding debate and led to the adoption of a new constitution that requires lineal descent for citizenship.
Near Fine
Soft cover

University of Manitoba Press
2015
Winnipeg, MB